|
Physical force Irish republicanism is the recurring appearance of a non-parliamentary violent insurrection in Ireland between 1798 and the present.〔''The Provisional IRA'' by Eamonn Mallie and Patrick Bishop (ISBN 0-552-13337-X), page 20〕 It is often described as a rival to parliamentary nationalism which for most of the period drew the predominant amount of support from Irish nationalists. ==Towards a definition== Physical force Irish republicanism has usually been marked by a number of features: * A commitment to an Irish republic which stresses the rights of the Irish people as a ''community'' agitating for independence and the ownership of Ireland rather than to individual rights, such as private property rights; * The holding of a series of rebellions or campaigns, sometimes with minimal support, but some of which impacted upon parliamentary nationalism; * A demand to break all links with the United Kingdom through the use of force. * The use of secret societies to plot and organise rebellions; especially the Fenians/Irish Republican Brotherhood. The physical force mantra emerged in 19th century Anglo-Irish literary societies that began with Gaelic revivalism. The movement of mainly aristocratic distinguished figures conversed on vexed question of Irishry, irishness, cultural identity, the meaning of nationalism, and its outward expression through theatrical displays, street performances, catholicity, and the formation of a meaningful dialogue with idealism. but the ultimate conclusions, they reached, moved inexorably towards freedom being achievable only through the use of violence or physical force. Where Jansenissistic priests did help was in the constructive truths behind doors hiding secrets, persons wanted, providing shelter, sustenance, and forgiveness; remission of sins for physical force.〔Charles Townshend, "The Republic: The Fight For Irish Independence", (London 2014) p.53-55.〕 Another important strand of thinking that supported the illumination of irishness was the concept of manliness. To many the idea of oppression by tyranny was shameful. It was a man's duty to resist, and his honour depended on it. This could be found in the associative likeness of a 'Green Ireland' that endeavor was to undermine Englishness, taking a borrowed culture, de-anglicizing, to move Ireland closer to her island roots. The evocative use of force was a co-dependent of the physical geography of the Emerald Isle; its lush green pastures, and mountainsides fed by constant rainfall all year round. The Catholic church was integral element towards establishing a national identity for irishness. But the church remained pacific; priests abhorred physical force, eschewed its happening, shunned the company of the 'men of violence'. Attempts by the church leaders to reconcile the challenge to its spiritual dominance in a New Ireland, with accommodation of the long struggle of many of its parishioners for freedom aced as a condign judgement. Condemnatory declarations exacerbated contradictory messages to the population driving the movement underground. That the IRB was founded in the United States of America provoked legitimatism to counteract the universality of non-violent Christendom. This was doctrinaire, secretive, as befitted its extreme physicality. The most prominent physical force rebellions and campaigns were: * 1798 rebellion of Wolfe Tone and the Society of the United Irishmen〔 * 1803 rebellion associated with Robert Emmet and the United Irishmen * 1848 rebellion associated with Thomas Davis, Charles Gavan Duffy and the Young Ireland movement〔 * 1867 rebellion associated with James Stephens, Jeremiah O'Donovan Rossa and the Irish Republican Brotherhood * 1867–1885 Fenian Dynamite Campaign associated with the Irish Republican Brotherhood * 1916 Easter Rising associated with Padraig Pearse and James Connolly which commenced the Irish Commemoration culture of celebrating martyrdom and remembrance. This includes the elevation of Pearse to an iconic, cult hero status in the national consciousness. * 1919–21 Irish War of Independence – in which Green uniformed, Tricolor republicans lived out the "blood sacrifice" to rid Ireland of British occupation and rule. * 1922–23 Irish Civil War - physical force was relegated to 'discretionary attacks' on a National Army not yet representative of a Republican force. * 1939–1941 Sabotage Campaign (Irish Republican Army) - in Ireland 'The Emergency' referred to the Free State's neutrality during World War Two. De Valera's constitution required the re-unification of All-Ireland, if necessary by force. Ireland remained sympathetic to German immigration. * 1942–1944 Northern Campaign (Irish Republican Army) - Northern Ireland was actively engaged in fighting with the British Empire to defeat Nazism, defending Protestant Unionism, expelling Catholic workers who espoused a Republican terror. * 1956–1962 Border Campaign (Irish Republican Army) - Cold War Republic led Fianna Fail 'to turn a blind eye' to indiecrete numbers of cross-border incursive actions against unionist positions in the six counties. * 1969–97 Provisional IRA campaign 1969–1997 during The Troubles〔''Northern Ireland (Hot Spots in Global Politics series)'' by Jonathan Tonge (ISBN 978-0745631417), page 39〕 During Civil Rights Marches in the North, the British Army opened fire on its own citizens, sparking a blood feud that committed large numbers of Catholic Nationalists to use physical force in the form of terror bombings, snipings, raids, 'kneecapping', extortion, blackmail, and other threats in an attempt bring the British Government to negotiate for a United Ireland. * 1998–present Dissident Irish republican campaign – Declaration of peace at the Good Friday Agreement did not prevent splinter Republican groups from taking the law into their own hands, contrariwise to orders from Sinn Féin IRA's high command. Perhaps the last manifestation of the physical force philosophy in current Irish history. Groups included 'Real IRA', and 'New Provos'. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Physical force Irish republicanism」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|